Five Bridges

The Five Bridges Impact Area is located approximately 3.5 miles
north of Bishop (Fig. 4) and is easily accessed from Five Bridges Rd.
(T6S R33E, Sec.24). Before the combined impact of groundwater
pumping, fire, and drought, this site was mapped as a complex of
riparian, meadow, and upland plant communities. The original impact
area encompassed approximately 300 acres, including all or portions
of the following vegetation parcels located on the Fish Slough 7.5’
USGS quad: 42, 53, 54, 124, 125, 126, 129, and 130 (primarily in
T6S R32E, Sec. 24). Since the impact was identified, remedial
measures have mitigated approximately 80% of the area. This
mitigated area is seasonally grazed, however a fence prevents
livestock from grazing on the unmitigated portion. The site also
provides access to the Owens River for recreational use.

The area still requiring mitigation is predominately mapped as Alkali
Meadow and encompasses vegetation parcel nos. 53, 123, 124, 125,
and one narrow strip of Riparian Scrub along the river and meanders,
parcel no. 54. Currently the unmitigated area has been severely
infested by native and non-native weeds which will be an obstacle to
future revegetation efforts.

Soils at the site were mapped as a complex of
Torrifluvents-Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls, two stream terrace soils with
0-2% slopes. Both soils have moderate to moderately rapid
permeability and are saline with potentially high ECs and SARs which
may limit species available for revegetation. Torrifluvent soils comprise
60% of this map unit and are hummocky, ranging from loamy sand to
silt loam below the surface layer, are well to poorly drained, and have
moderate available water capacity and moderate wind erosion hazard.
The Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls are oxbow and river meanders with
coarse sand to silt loam with low to moderate available water
capacity. Both wind and water erosion hazard is slight. Management
considerations for this soil complex are to limit off-road vehicles to
maintain soil depth and reduce soil erosion and graze only after soils
have adequately drained.

In late 1995, Dr. Bill Platts of Ecosystem Sciences visited the site and
produced a mitigation plan for LADWP in 1996 (Platts 1996) which
Los Angeles has agreed to implement. Parts of the revegetation plan
from Ecosystem Sciences are presented in italics.

Goal: Restore the area to a complex of vegetation communities
with similar species composition and cover as exists at local
similar sites. The goal will be attained when the desired
vegetation conditions are achieved and are sustainable.

Live cover and composition numbers are from on-site mapping during
the 1984-87 vegetation inventory. For Alkali Meadows, live cover
goals are 60% composed of four different perennial species. Riparian
Scrub live cover goals are 90% composed of four different perennial
species. Composition numbers are 75% of the previously mapped
number of species.

Priority: High - This site is currently receiving remedial action to
control weeds. This process must continue before any additional
rehabilitation work can occur.

Revegetation plan:

Map the site (1998).

Using a global positioning system (GPS), delineate areas that still
require mitigation.

Eliminate all artificial irrigation of the project area (1998 –
2002).

Necessary irrigation will be supplied through planned high flows
of the Owens River that will flood the area three times a year.
This flooding regime should allow recovering vegetation to
respond to more natural processes and assist natural recruitment
rather than relying on artificial flows from irrigation ditches. The
duration of the flows will be for a sufficient period of time to
allow water to flow through the area for 24 hours. These pulse
flows should be evaluated after 5 years to determine their
effectiveness towards accomplishing the rehabilitation goals. The
river flows should occur as follows:

May/June – This 24hr 700 cfs flow is intended to distribute willow
and cottonwood seeds and plant parts along the riparian areas.
This pulse will be timed to coincide with maximum seed set.

July 1 and August 1 – These two 660 cfs flows will recharge the
banks and waterways during seedling growth.

Seed small areas of the burn with native species (2000 -
2002).

Site preparation will include fertilizing and controlling weedy
plants by potentially burning or spraying with herbicide. Seeding
will be done with a range drill.

Allow the water table to remain at its natural level (1998 -
ongoing)

Permanently shut down pumping wells E/M #385 and E/M#386 .

Develop and implement a 10-year grazing plan (1998 -
2007).

This plan will exclude grazing from riparian zones and exclude
grazing in upland areas during the growing season. Cattle guards
will be installed at major use areas instead of gates. (Fencing and
installation of cattle guards has been completed.)

Dead willows will not be removed or burned

Monitoring (1998 - ongoing)

Monitoring will consist of annual photopoints and annual reading
of the two previously established vegetation transects. Line-point
transects will be used to determine whether the site has met the goals
stated above.

Species list:

This list for seed mixes includes species from Alkali Meadow and
Riparian Scrub communities that existed on the site prior to impact.

Shrubs/Forbs/Trees:

cluster goldenweed1a
salix1a (tree and shrub)
Woods rose1a
Fremont’s cottonwood1a


Grasses/Grasslike:

alkali sacaton1a
beardless wildrye1a
saltgrass1a
Baltic rush1a
clustered field sedge1a
spikerush1a

Hines Spring

The mitigation for Hines Spring, as stated in the EIR, is to provide
pumped groundwater to the currently dry spring area. The water
supply will be part of 1600 acre feet of "additional mitigation" defined
in the MOU. The Hines Spring area will encompass
approximately one to two acres and will be developed and
implemented by Ecosystem Sciences and LADWP in accordance with
the MOU. Therefore no revegetation plan is presented for this area in
this report.

Tinemaha/Blackrock

This impact description is broken into three areas, the first area
referred to as Charlie’s Butte is approximately 0.25 mile south of
Charlie’s Butte, Hines Spring S is located in the drainage of
Hines Spring, and Blackrock 16E is approximately one mile SE of
Hines Spring.

Charlie's Butte

The Charlie’s Butte site was incorrectly mapped in the EIR according
to D. Groeneveld (pers. com.). The actual impact site is near the
mapped site and is easily accessed by roads to Charlie’s Butte (Fig.
5). Recent GPS mapping placed the site in parcel 54 but the
vegetation demonstrated that it should have been in vegetation parcel
64. Parcel 64 is designated as Alkali Meadow with 33% live cover on
the Tinemaha Reservoir 7.5’ USGS quad (T11S R34E,
SE1/4NW1/4 Sec.11). Currently the 0.4 acre mitigation site has
recovering alkali sacaton and juvenile Nevada saltbush which appear
to be invading the area.

Soil at the site was mapped as Shondow loam with 0-2% slopes. The
Shondow soils are fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aquic Argixerolls.
Water permeability is moderately slow with moderate available water
capacity and subsoil salinity and sodicity is high. Susceptibility to wind
erosion is moderate. Management suggestions include limiting off-road
vehicles and careful grazing management.

Current impediments to natural recovery include off-road vehicle use,
wind erosion, herbivory, groundwater pumping, and soil disturbance
from rodents, livestock, and elk.

Goal: Restore vegetation conditions to that which existed prior to
impact. The live cover goal is 33% and composition will be composed
of at least three species, predominantly alkali sacaton. Other species
that were mapped on this site include rubber rabbitbrush, Nevada
saltbush, black greasewood, and Indian paintbrush.

Priority: High – Immediate protection may greatly simplify restoration
and may be the only necessary action. Delaying action may greatly
increase the difficulty due to weed infestation and further loss of plant
cover and topsoil.

Revegetation plan:

Eliminate disturbances (1998).

Plant protection rather than fencing will be implemented because of the
small size of the site (approximately 1/3 of an acre) and because a
road runs through the middle. Alkali sacaton that are recovering will
be protected. If only a few alkali sacaton are present, then transplants
will be installed, watered, and protected (1999).

Site maintenance (1998 – ongoing)

Because the site has invading juvenile Nevada saltbush, maintenance
may include their removal when they are within 0.5 m of a protected
alkali sacaton. Removal of plants will take into consideration the
potential for wind erosion.

Monitor (1999 - ongoing)

Initially monitoring will focus on the success of plant protection and the
need for weed control. Additional plans for seeding, transplanting, and
weed control will be developed if rehabilitation appears stalled or
failing after three years (2001).

This site will require long-term monitoring after it has been revegetated
to protect the site from changing community type and detecting weed
invasions.

Hines Spring S

This site is located in the old drainage of Hines Spring (Fig. 6) and is
located in vegetation parcels 11 and 16 on the Blackrock 7.5’ quad
(T11S R34E, SE1/4NW1/4 and NE1/4SW1/4 (contiguous) Sec.
23). Because this area will likely be affected by the Hines Spring
on-site mitigation, the site goal and revegetation plan for this area will
be developed within three years after the work at Hines Spring is
completed. Plans for the spring area will be completed by mid-2001.

Blackrock 16E

This site is accessible from the Intake Rd. off Hwy. 395 approximately
2.25 mi. east of the community of Aberdeen (Fig. 6) on the Blackrock
7.5’ quad (T11S R34E, NE1/4SE1/4 Sec. 23). The EIR reported
that this once included marsh, meadow, upland, and riparian plants,
but it is now dominated by a sparse cover of shrubs. Wind erosion
and grazing have further impacted the area in combination with
groundwater pumping.

The site is currently used to graze packstock. The parcel was mapped
as 297 acres of Alkali Meadow with 35% live cover. Fivehook bassia
and Russian thistle made up 17% and 11% of the cover, respectively.
The 7.5 acre mitigation portion of this parcel has little to no native
vegetation. There is some natural recruitment of sagebrush and
Nevada saltbush juvenile shrubs. Weeds are scattered throughout the
area and fivehook bassia and tamarisk are mainly concentrated in the
moister swales.

Soils at the site were mapped as Winnedumah silt loam, saline-sodic
with 0-2% slopes. The Winnedumah soils are fine-loamy, mixed,
thermic Xerollic Haplargids. The soil is calcareous in the top 41
inches, permeability is moderately slow, available water capacity is
moderate to high and both salinity and sodicity are high in surface soil.
The hazard of wind erosion is moderate. Management considerations
include limiting off-road vehicles, grazing management, and planting
only salt tolerant plants.

Current impediments to natural recruitment include packstock grazing,
weed infestation, and difficult soils.

Goal: Rehabilitate the site to an Alkali Meadow similar to those within
a 5 mi. radius of the site. The goal for live cover is 34%, composed of
six species. Alkali sacaton and saltgrass should be the dominant
species. The live cover goal was derived from the average live cover
of the previously mentioned Alkali Meadows and composition was
derived from the number of most commonly found species (excluding
weeds) in those parcels.

Priority: High - Protection may begin the process of recovering the
vegetation on the site. Delaying action may greatly increase the
difficulty due to weed infestation and loss of topsoil.

Revegetation plan:

Eliminate disturbances (1998).

Fence the site to protect it from grazing.

Site maintenance (1998 – ongoing)

Site maintenance may include the removal of aggressive juvenile plants
and weeds if they appear to compete with the recovery of desired
species. Removal of plants will take into consideration the potential for
wind erosion.

Monitor (1999 – ongoing)

Initially, monitoring will focus on recruitment and the need for weed
control. Additional plans for seeding, transplanting, and weed control
will be developed if rehabilitation appears stalled or failing during the
first three years (2001).

Species list:

This species list for potential seed mixes and container plants only
includes species from Alkali Meadows within a 5 mi. radius of the site.
Aggressive native plants, such as Nevada saltbush, rubber
rabbitbrush, and big sagebrush, were not included because they
already exist on the parcel, and it is assumed they will spread without
assistance. If monitoring demonstrates a paucity of species diversity
then additional species will be added to this list.

Shrubs/Forbs:

black greasewood1a,1b,2
fourwing saltbush1b
shadscale2


Grasses:

alkali sacaton1a,1b,2
Great Basin wildrye2
saltgrass1a,1b,2
beardless wildrye1b


Independence

This mitigation area consists of three sites referred to as Independence
105, Independence 131, and Independence 123 (Fig. 7).
Independence 105 is accessed from Mazourka Cyn. Rd. and is
approximately 1 mi. SE of the town of Independence. The other two
are easily accessed from a dirt road off of Mazourka Cyn. Rd. and
are approximately 2.25 (Independence 131) and 2.5 miles
(Independence 123) SE of the town of Independence. All sites are
located on the Independence 7.5’ USGS quad.

The soil at all the sites was mapped as complex of Morey
family-Winnedumah, drained-Rindge family with 0-2% slopes. Morey
family soils with similar inclusions comprise 40% of this map unit and
are fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Argiaquolls. Winnedumah soils are
fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Xerollic Haplargids. and with similar
inclusions comprise 25% of this map unit. Rindge family soils are euic,
thermic Typic Medisaprists and with similar inclusions comprise 20%
of this map unit. All have moderately slow to slow permeability, high
available water capacity, moderate to high shrink-swell capacity, and
potentially high ECs and SARs. Management factors for revegetation
include potential for wind erosion, inadequate drainage, salinity, and
sodicity. Off-road vehicles should be limited and careful grazing
management should be instituted on these soils.

The most northern site is in parcel no. 105 and is divided into north
and south sections by Mazourka Canyon Rd.(T13S R35E,
NE1/4NE1/4 Sec. 21). It was mapped as Nevada Saltbush Scrub
with 5% plant cover, with Russian thistle and fivehook bassia making
up 20% of the plant composition. After a site visit, it appeared that
only the southern portion of the parcel, consisting of 13.4 acres,
requires mitigation. Currently, there is recruitment of Nevada saltbush,
fourwing saltbush, and allscale saltbush.

The middle site was mapped as parcel no. 131 (T13S R35E,
SW1/4SW1/4 Sec. 22) consisting of 33 acres of Nevada Saltbush
Scrub with 5% live cover. Fifty percent of the cover composition was
annual forbs and 18% was Russian thistle. The boundaries of the
revegetation area also include approximately half of vegetation parcel
125 (T13S R35E, NW1/4 Sec. 27) totaling 74.6 acres. This parcel
was mapped as 129 acres of Desert Saltbush Scrub with 10% live
cover consisting of 50% fourwing saltbush and 25% Russian thistle.
This area was disturbed during the installation of a pipeline for a
replacement well. The furrows from this disturbance are still visible
and could be seeded with native seeds.

The most southern area was mapped as parcel no. 123 (T13S R35E,
SW1/4 Sec. 27), 16 acres of Nevada Saltbush Scrub with 5% cover,
95% of the cover is Nevada saltbush. The impact extends to the west
into parcel 231, 38.5 acres mapped as 8% live cover of Nevada
Saltbush Scrub. In some areas, the wind has deposited sands on the
leeward side of vegetation, however, the majority of the site has a
hard soil surface with few "safe sites" for seed germination and
seedling survival. Some natural recruitment is occurring along the
southern boundary where wind erosion appears less severe. Remnant
native plants are now confined to "shrub islands" or low-lying wetter
areas.

Currently the sites are used for seasonal livestock grazing. Ongoing
disturbances inhibiting natural revegetation include groundwater
pumping, wind erosion, grazing, and invasion by weedy plants.

Goal: For Independence 105, 131, and 123. To revegetate with
species mapped in surrounding communities. Historically the site
supported species adapted to a shallow water table. Because current
management no longer supports a high water table, it is assumed
surrounding parcels represent the best estimate of those species that
could be used to successfully revegetate the site.

Quantifiable goals were based on the five plant communities included
in the species list below. The goal for live cover is 17% composed of
four perennial plant species. These numbers were derived from the
average live cover of the five plant communities and composition from
half the number of species that will be tested on the sites.

Priority: Independence 105 - High - Because this site is showing
natural recruitment, immediate protection may be the only action
necessary. This site is slated for fencing in 1998. Independence 131
and 123 - High - These sites present the most difficult soil conditions
and may require several years of experimentation to develop effective
techniques. Thus, it would be beneficial to begin work as soon as
feasible. These two sites are slated to be fenced in 1999.

Revegetation plan:

Independence 105

Eliminate disturbances (1998)

Fencing will be the main revegetation activity unless monitoring after
three years indicates that further action is necessary (2001). Additional
plans would likely include weed control, transplanting, and/or seeding.

Monitor (1999 - ongoing)

Independence 131

Eliminate disturbances (1999)

The site will be fenced.

Conduct more site specific soil characterization (1999).

On-site soil characterization and fertility tests will be conducted if they
have proven useful at other sites.

Use container plants in test plots (start in 2001, transplant out
2002).

Containerized plants will be installed in windrows to reduce wind
erosion. Plant protection will be provided for transplants.

Seed areas that have been previously ripped (2000) and test
plots (2002).

Seeds will be broadcast and raked or drill seeded into soil that was
ripped for pipeline installation and in test plots.

Mulch (2002)

Mulch will be spread in rows to catch soil, seeds, and litter, and to
protect transplants if it has proven useful at other sites.

Test soil inoculation and/or soil amendments (2007).

Soil inoculation and/or soil amendments will be tested if seed and
transplants continue to fail at the site. Sources and method for
inoculation and amendments to be determined.

Site maintenance (2003 - ongoing)

Seeds in previously ripped soils will not be irrigated.

Monitor (2000 - ongoing)
Expand revegetation work (2007)

Based on results from test plots, plans for the entire site will be
developed (2007) and implemented (2008).

Independence 123

Eliminate disturbances (1999).

This site will be fenced.

Use container plants in test plots (start in 2001, transplant out
2002).

Containerized plants will be installed in windrows to reduce wind
erosion. Plant protection will be provided for transplants.

Seed (2002)

The site will be seeded in test plots if it has been used successfully at
other sites with natural topography.

Mulch (2002)

Mulch will be spread in rows to catch soil, seeds, and litter, and to
protect transplants if it has proven useful at other sites.

Expand revegetation work (2007)

Based on results from test plots, plans for the entire site will be
developed (2007) and implemented (2008).

Site maintenance (2003 - ongoing)
Test soil inoculation (2007)

Soil inoculation will be tested if seed and transplants continue to fail at
the site. Sources and method for inoculation to be determined.

Monitor (2000 - ongoing)



Independence 105, 131, and 123

Species list:

This list for seed mixes and container plants includes species from the
following plant communities: Nevada Saltbush Scrub, Desert Sink
Scrub, Desert Greasewood Scrub, Desert Saltbush Scrub, and
Shadscale Scrub.

Shrubs/Forbs

allscale saltbush1a
desert olive4
inkweed1b
black greasewood1b,2
fourwing saltbush1a


Grasses:

alkali sacaton1b,2
saltgrass1b,2

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